brownsville ship breaking

The industry is subsidized by the fact that federal policy prevents government ships from being scrapped by other countries, for the most part. April 26, 2022. International Shipbreaking in Brownville, Texas has completed the first ship recyling project for an EU shipowner in compliance to the rigorious requirements of . Some of the ships were reefedadopted by states to sink offshore, a practice that stimulates reef formation, and provides destinations for scuba divers. The process of ship breaking, and ship recycling is a complex process that requires precision and technical prowess. Please use our contact form, call, or send an email. According to the Prosecutor, the Asian break yards' "current ship dismantling methods endanger the lives and health of workers and pollute the environment". Meanwhile, some local companies are trying to win the scrap contracts away from Brownsville. The yard can be found in the Port of Brownsville. But until and if these local companies are permitted, the ships of the Suisun Bay Ghost Fleet will make their last journey under tow, via the Panama Canal, all the way to Brownsville, where they will meet with their undoing. In developed countries removing the metal for scrap costs more than the value of the scrap metal itself. No one wants it in their community. As opposed to the ship beaching, the dry-dock ship demolishing process is faster by 50%, safer for workers and environment-friendly - no oil spillage into the sea. Shanghai Xinhua Iron and Steel (xhsteel.com), Xinhui Shuangshui Shipbreaking (sbsteel.com), Sunlift Subic International Corp ("157 Crowne Bay Tower, Roxas Boulevard Paranaque Metro, Manila 1702", 63-2-5570512). Ship scrapping activities also generate oil pollution and include discharge of ammonia, metal rust, which damages the bird population and numerous marine organisms (especially plankton and fishes). International Labour Organization (2003) with its "Safety and Health in Shipbreaking" (endorsed 2004) - a set of criteria for ship disposal and recycling concerning ship breaking authorities and shipbreakers (both employers and workers). Located off the shore of Benecia, across from a former arsenal and a current oil refinery, the ships are tethered into seven clusters, and tended by service boats from a dedicated wharf. Bay Bridge Texas, which relocated earlier this year to Brownsville from Chesapeake, Virginia, cited the local labor pool among the factors in its decision. Brownsville is home to several ship breaking yards which dismantle old ships to recycle their steel. As to the beach shipbreaking, it suggests the following steps in the ship's dismantling process - assessing hazardous materials on board, decontamination (including gas-freeing), safe demolition planning, recycling, safe waste management. International Shipbreaking Ltd. has three specialized facilities in Brownsville and in New Orleans and Amelia, Louisiana. The decommissioned US Navy aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk is set to dock at the Port of Brownsville, Texas on May 31, 2022, after a 16,000-mile trip from Bremerton, Washington, around the tip of South America. SRTI connects major shipowners, investors, banks, insurers, cargo owners. Still are not respected by the industry all orders to the yards to produce environmental certificates, pre-cleaning reports and to ban the import of ships for scrap that had not been decontaminated in the export country. 1,232 were here. The Guidelines contribute to workers protection from workplace dangers, elimination of work-related accidents (injuries, diseases, deaths) and improving the management of occupational safety-health issues in shipbreaking yards. BROWNSVILLE, Texas (ValleyCentral) - The USS Kitty Hawk is currently in its final transit from Naval Base Kitsap in Washington to the ship-breaking facility at the Port of Brownsville.. May 31, 2022: The aircraft carrier arrives in Texas for its dismantling. It now has less than 25. Total Views: 9184. Shipbreaking on the beach (prohibited in most countries) is operated in coast areas inhabited by thousands of poor families in countries with millions of uneducated people looking for any job, thus providing the cheapest manpower for the ship breaking the industry. But until and if these local companies are permitted, the ships of the Suisun Bay Ghost Fleet will make their last journey under tow, via the Panama Canal, all the way to Brownsville, where they will meet with their undoing. The next video shows transatlantic ocean liners operated by Compagnie Generale Transatlantique (CGT, aka French Line) - founded 1861, defunct 1975. Wastes of the scrapped ships (especially oil and oil substances) are drained and dumped directly into the sea, and the lax or no environmental laws enables large quantities of toxic materials to escape into the environment. Andrew Agency ("A-702 Saima Trade Tower, Chundrigar Road, Karachi Sindh 74100", 92-21-32211413). ESCO has salvaged former offshore rigs as well. high-quality HMS 1 and HMS 2 scrap steel, scrap metal, cast iron. Brownsvilles role in this processship-breaking, not to be confused with ship-buildinghas given the border city of 200,000 with an Hispanic majority a unique economic niche. So says the firm's president, Mark Hodgson, who joined the company in December 2019 with a change in ownership and . The Charlie Deuce is the Navys first guided-missile destroyer and has an impressive service history, according to International Shipbreaking, most notably serving as flagship for Cold War surveillance of Soviet submarines in the North Atlantic and carrying out space flight recovery operations in 1962 as part of Project Mercury established by the newly formed NASA. He adds, We have a long history of dismantling military vessels in a respectful and compliant manner and have invested heavily to build a world class green ship recycling facility in Brownsville, Texas. Shipbreaking is a term symbolizing huge profits by cheap buying of ships for scrap metal, selling scrap and used ship machinery, equipment, and electronics, hard manual labor, some of the worst work conditions in the world with some of the highest rates of work accidents and mortality, numerous health, and environmental risks. Having an average lifespan of 20-40 years (depending on ship type), most ships become obsolete when the repair and refitting become uneconomical for the owner. The USS Cape Florida currently is being recycled. *Brownsville Navigation District adopted a tax rate that will raise more taxes for maintenance and operations than last years tax rate. About new ship and equipment designs (to minimize waste generation and the use of hazardous materials), producing Green Passports for ships, ship recycling preparations. Green says International Shipbreaking has been recycling ships and marine structures since 1995, having recycled more than 100 vessels in that time. Currently, the cost of removing asbestos and expensive insurance and health risks are the main reasons ship breaking to be economically not viable in most developed countries. Like virtually every sector of the economy, the commodity metals market took a hit as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and metal recycling businesses like SteelCoast Company LLC at the Port of. [3] See also [ edit] Ports and harbors of Texas Services - shipbuilding and conversion, ship repairs, shipbreaking, new and used marine equipment, purchase and sale ships in China. Ship-breaking (also known as ship recycling, ship demolition, ship dismantling, or ship cracking) is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships for either a source of parts, which can be sold for re-use, or for the extraction of raw materials, chiefly scrap.Modern ships have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years before corrosion, metal fatigue and a lack of parts render them . A lot of places, if a scrap yard comes in, they dont want that there, he says. Photo courtesy of International Shipbreaking, State of the Municipal Recycling Industry, WIH Resource Group, Tetra Tech to study post-landfill closure options in King County, Washington, PureCycle, iSustain close deal for up to 10 million pounds of feedstock, Sensoneo to supply Madrid with largest smart waste installation in Europe, Aduro Clean Technologies and CHILL partner to advance chemical recycling research, Aurubis links the greatest part of its financing to its sustainability performance, Colorado city plans development of pyrolysis plant, plastics sorting facility, Congressional Steel Caucus adds to tariffs discussion, Domtar, Paper Excellence complete acquisition of Resolute Forest Products, Redwood shares ideas for successful EV battery recycling in the US, US Steel and CarbonFree sign MoU to capture CO2 emissions at Gary Works mill, Green Giant, Ace Green Recycling partner to develop LIB recycling facility in Texas, Project seeks to optimize end-of-life electronics raw material recovery, reuse. It has recently been decided that the ships will now be cleaned up in local dry docks to remove them of invasive species before heading out to sea. capacity 3 ships at a time, Marine Metal Inc (16901 RL Ostos Road Brownsville TX, 956-831-4284), United Steel Supply Inc (15 ml south of NOLA). These ships contain extensive hazardous materials that require containment and removal. Brownsville police continue to investigate an early morning motorcycle accident that left the operator of the motorcycle dead. She's a contributing writer at the Atlantic Cities and has written for Pacific Standard, GOOD, the Christian Science Monitor, and The Morning News, Fast Company & Inc 2023 Mansueto Ventures, LLC, How This Texas Town Owns The U.S. The vessel on its final journey needs to float steadily and hit the beach of the shipping yard where it staggers and stops. Among the largest companies are Swire Shipping (China), Hapag-Lloyd, Maersk, NORDEN, Stolt Tankers, Wallenius Wilhelmsen; GES Bank, Nykredit, Standard Chartered; Lloyds Register; Forum for the Future (non-profit). adopted by states to sink offshore, a practice that stimulates reef formation, and provides destinations for scuba divers. Magnate Steel (India, drydock ship breaking). Still, cellular ship capacity removed due to ship demolition was surpassed 1 to 3 compared to newbuild ship deliveries. We can accept the following: We offer competitive prices calculated on the weight and grade of your metal as well as the worldwide markets (this is because metal is a commodity). The Brownsville site is the first shipbreaking site in the United States to achieve this accreditation. A new industry is ship building and we saw a large cargo ship under construction. Port of Brownsville By 2001, the fleet was down to 107 ships. Economic development campaigns are more often meant to bring in gleaming biotech campuses. It is also home to a large shrimping fleet that plies the Gulf of Mexico. IMO-International Maritime Organization (2003) with its "Guidelines on Ship Recycling" concerning administrators of shipbuilding and vessel equipment, supplying countries, flag and recycling states, ship-owners, repair and recycling yards. One of the largest oil platform manufacturing yards in the nation is the largest single tenant at the port, the AMFELS rig yard. The Brownsville site is the first U.S. shipbreaking site to achieve this accreditation. Shipbreaking firms at Brownsville, Texas, break up old naval vessels with mostly cheap Mexican workforce. Our subsidiary, Scrap Metal Services Brownsville, formerly All Star Metals, is one of the few approved ship recyclers in the nation, and also handles the dismantling and recycling of oil drilling rigs and oil production platforms. After making a correction to an upcoming diagram, CV-64 ("Constellation") completed construction by 1961, was active until 2003, was towed to Bremerton in 2003, arrived at Brownsville under tow on 16 January 2015, and was completely dismantled by 10 May 2017 at the "International Shipbreaking" part of the Brownsville ship dismantling area. We'll need to see identification before we can pay you. SteelCoast, Brownsville, Texas: United States: International Shipbreaking, Brownsville, Texas United States: Mare Island Dry Docks, Vallejo, California Other such major drydock dismantling facilities in Europe are located in Belgium (NV Galloo Recycling Ghent), Denmark (Fornaes, Smedegaarden), France (Gardet Bezenac Recycling, Grand Port Maritime de Bordeaux, Les Recycleurs Bretons), Latvia (Tosmares Kugubuvetava), Lithuania (UAB APK, UAB Armar, UAB Vakaru Refonda), Holland (Keppel-Verolme, Scheepsrecycling Nederland), Poland (ALMEX), Portugal (Navalria-Docas, Construoes e Reparacoes Navais, DDR VESSELS XXI), UK (Able UK Ltd, Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries Ltd, Swansea Drydock Ltd). Others have been sunk at sea in live-fire military training exercises. The US Navy warship USS Kitty Hawk, the last commissioned conventional-powered aircraft carrier, embarked on its final voyage on Saturday, leaving Naval Base Kitsap in Bremerton, Washington, to be turned into scrap metal by a shipbreaking company in Brownsville, Texas, the Navy said. Built inland to protect the port from hurricanes, not much occurs along the channels first ten miles. . The smaller vessels (capacity around 4000 TEUs) were operated with charter rates at highly depressed levels - below USD 10,000 per day. Haosen Business Service Co ("No1Heping road, Hengshui Hebei 050000", 86-0318-8066321). "The Charlie Deuce will be dismantled and recycled at the company's Brownsville, Texas, location. The James River Ghost Fleet, off the shore at Fort Eustis, Virginia, is providing the majority of the ship breaking work in the nation right now. Several investigations into the origins of the fire and the Navys response are still ongoing. The ship in the center notch on the south side of the channel is a Knox-class frigate. Increasingly, banks and investors are unwilling to fund shipping companies who cannot prove that their ships are recycled responsibly. The ship breakers then start working after preparing a plan. We are the world's leading sustainable marine recycling company, with 60 years' experience. Naval Ship-Recycling Industry. At the beginning of the American. International Shipbreaking, part of the world-leading recycler EMR Metal Recycling, has gained EU Ship Recycling Regulation (EU SSR) accreditation for its site at the Port of Brownsville after investing $30 million in compliant infrastructure. This fall, the Navy is contracting three decommissioned Cold War-era super aircraft carriersthe Saratoga, the Forrestal, and the Constellationand they will likely take their retirement here. In 1950, there were over 2,000 surplus federal ships, tied together in slack water clusters around the nation. Most of the 70 ships that have been scrapped from the fleet in the past ten years were taken apart at one of three ship breaking yards in the USA, two of which are in the mid-Atlantic. By law, none of those Navy ships can be sent for scrapping overseas, which is why this work continues in Brownsville when so much other recycling and salvaging has gone abroad (just look at what happens to your discarded computer and cell phone). International Shipbreaking was established in Brownsville in 1995 by New Yorker Kevin McCabe and two partners. Brownsville, Texas 78521, Strong Link in Supply Chain: Port of Brownsville sees record cargo volumes in FY2022, Port of Brownsville Recognizes DIX Industries with 2022 Chairmans Award, A Legacy of Success: DIX Industries Celebrates 75th Anniversary at the Port, Port of Brownsville- Driving Growth and Economic Prosperity. Capacity up to 500 tons per month, has yards in Alang, Bombay, Calcutta. This means asbestos and other hazardous materials will be cleaned out. (956) 831-2299 [email protected] Opening Times Monday - Thursday 8am - 5pm Friday 8am - 3pm Saturday Closed Sunday Closed we're easy Shipbreaking is only one of several main ship disposal alternatives, also including hulking, floating or drydock storage, donation or sale for reuse, deep-water sinking and making artificial reefs (for detailed info check Ship Recycling). , Law enforcement agencies crack down on street racing, BISD police ID person of interest in middle school, Biden Admin does not want TX lawsuit in Lubbock, 79 migrants rescued from 3 Tijuana hotels, Man admits to death of migrants during smuggling, Man breaks into exs house with bat, police say, Plan promises largest property tax cut ever in, DPS: Migrant children found hiding in McAllen orchard, Cartel leader arrests leads to violence in Mexico, Rocket caught, then dropped by helicopter in New, Beijing to offer Olympic tickets to selected spectators, Parents watch train speed off with baby on board, World rushes to learn more as new omicron cases pop, Japans Princess Mako loses royal status after marrying, Israeli scuba diver discovers 900-year-old Crusader, New Zealand admits it cant get rid of COVID, China bans men it sees as not masculine enough from, Soccer-loving Pope Francis gets a new toy: A foosball, 956 Vanished: New TV series premieres this weekend, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The document is especially intended as guidance to countries where such regulations are limited or nonexistent. This is where the vast majority of the nation's federal ships are broken apart. In fact, ship breaking in the United States is booming at the moment, as congressional mandates to reduce the rotting hulks in the three Ghost Fleets of the nation are being implemented. "Record 107 ships dismantled at Gaddani" by Parvaiz Ishfaq Rana, List of the largest shipbuilding companies, "Carnival Fantasy arrived at Turkey's Aliaga shipbreaking yard for scrapping | Cruise News", "Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard, Bangladesh", "Ship breaking in Bangladesh: Hard to break up", "India plans to double Alang shipbreaking capacity Recycling International", "Doubling ship recycling capacity by 2024: Are we ready? This was the latest arrival in a steady convoy of aging military vessels, Maritime Administration ships, and merchant boats that have docked here, as a final stop, for years. The third ship breaking site in the USA is at the very bottom of the country, in Brownsville, Texas, just a few miles from Mexico. There are four major economic benefits of breaking ships for scrap and recycling that have made the breaking of ships a powerful industry: But all these economic benefits should be considered together with the social and environmental costs. The video explains a lot about the ship scrapping business in general. The Navy decommissioned the first-in-class ship in 2009 after 48 years of service, putting the ship in . Buying non-ferrous metal and shipbreaking scrap, battery scrap. These images show people taking oil tankers apart by hand, and in bare feet. With the exception of the newest passenger ships, almost all the rest are different from their launch names, usually changed the instant the vessel receives new owner or even new operator. August International FZC ("PO box 30457 Sharjah", 971-6-5621366). As of December 2018, the EU's European Commission has listed in its "European List of ship recycling facilities" a total of 26 shipyards. Meanwhile, some local companies are trying to win the scrap contracts away from Brownsville. Jun. Here in Brownsville, off the southern tip of Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, these old vessels get a kind of decent retirement, in the words of Escos CEO, Richard Jaross. To confirm you are happy with our cookie policy please click 'Accept' below. When complete, it will be based in Hawaii. The company has been owned by the Adani Group, an Indian industrial conglomerate, since 2005. They all have meaning because the lives of many people were put into building that ship, maintaining it, and fighting at sea with it. Esco Marine has recycled the U.S.S. Once calculated, payment can be made by: Call 856-365-7500 or fill out our online contact form and someone will be in touch. Opened in 1936, the port is connected to the Gulf of Mexico by a 17-mile-long ship channel. The District is guided by an elected Board of Commissioners that establishes the policies, rules, rates and regulations of the Port and approves all contractual obligations. Bonhomme Richard Hull Completes Final Voyage to Texas Shipbreaker, Member Services call 800-233-8764 or 410-268-6110, Anti-Ship Missiles Top Marines $2.95B Fiscal Year 2022 Wishlist. This is the operational age of ships sold for scrap. Holland America Line ships are well-known for having "recycled" names - a unique practice of using one name for different vessels over the years, though a charming sentimental way of connecting past and future for this over 130-year old passenger shipping company. On December 10, 2018, industry leaders and Sustainable Shipping Initiative (non-profit) announced the launch of SRTI (Ship Recycling Transparency Initiative). Much of it will eventually return to the U.S. as remnants of old war cruisers and merchant marine ships reborn as auto parts and appliances. for 3 miles until you see the ISL/EMR sign and entrance. The hull of the former amphibious warship Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) has arrived at the yard of a Texas shipbreaker for dismantling, the shipyard confirmed to USNI News. Info and recommendations on procedures, processes, and practices, on disposal and identification of potential contaminants, design, and construction of ship breaking facilities. Euroasia Group of companies (europe.bloombiz.com, "Hakim building, Shahra-e-Faisal Karachi Sindh 75400", 92-21-4330062). EMR Brownsville International Ship Breaking Scrap Metal | EMR USA Metal Recycling Welcome EMR International Shipbreaking Limited, LLC Scrap Metal Any questions? During this time over 100 vessels have been recycled, with an excellent compliance record. An official 2013 Lloyd's List report says containership scrapping rates exceeded all records in 2013 compared to previous years and trends. In addition, two Seatrade CEOs were banned for 1 year from exercising the profession director, commissioner, advisor or employee of a shipping company. The USS Kitty Hawk, which was decommissioned in 2009, has been making its way to the Port of Brownsville since January to be broken down at the port's ship-breaking facility. Ship dismantling includes numerous manual procedures and entirely excludes automation solutions, resulting in substantially higher labor costs. For our list of dismantled vessels see at Scrapped Cruise Ships. Across the channel from ESCO is the International Shipbreaking yard, with two slots, one of which is the largest of the seven that are currently active in Brownsville. ESCO has three slots, which are long coves dug diagonally into the side of the channel, where the ships are grounded, that allow access to the ship for dismantling. Founding the Company in the Mid-1990s. The MT Wolverine safely moored at International Shipbreakings yard at the Port of Brownsville. It can now help EU-based ship owners as well as ships flying the flags of EU member states to responsibly recycle their ships at end of life. Tax rate will effectively be raised by 47.29% and will raise taxes for maintenance and operations on a $100,000 home by approximately $11.03. Buying ships for scrap (oil tankers, cargo-passenger and container ships of over 10,000 tons). Generally, ships ready for scrapping are put up for sale by their owners and usually, the highest bidder wins the contract. Salinas estimates that, in all, the steel industry tied to the port makes up as much as a quarter of the citys economy. EMRs International Shipbreaking invested $30 million in the facility to gain EU Ship Recycling Accreditation. To think this operation could be conducted any other way is reckless and irresponsible. This is not the case in the developing world - no risk of personal injury lawsuits and health claims by workers, inadequate or no protective equipment at all. With hundreds of such ships floating around the country, and around the globe, the domestic ship breaking industry is likely to continue. And many pollutants can cause serious health problems - from cancers and pulmonary problems (like asthma and asbestosis) to hormonal system disruption. Chundrigar Road, Karachi Sindh 74200", 92-21-2411887), Shamsain Marketing Services ("Plot No AC2, M1, Clifton Pride, Khayaban-e-Saadi, Clifton Block, Karachi Sindh 74600", 92-21-3586591), Oge Gemi Sokum Ithalat Ihracat (ogegemi.com), Dachang International Shipping Co (mtu-mts.com). Most of these already doomed vessels can make it to the scrapping yard under their own power, thus avoiding the not cheap charge for towing. With approximately 40,000 acres, the Port of Brownsville is also the largest land-owning public port authority in the nation. Sam LaGrone is the editor of USNI News. Ship recycling industry supplies more than 40% of the world's raw material needs - appr 1,6 million people are engaged in this business, generating 600+ million tons of recyclables every year with annual revenue of US$200+ billion. His request Seatrade's CEOs to face prison time was only waived in light of this being a precedent for such criminal charges. An industrial shredder at International Shipbreaking Ltd. in Brownsville, Texas. Almost everything on ships is recycled, reused, resold. Steel production - the scrapping of the ship is the country's main source of steel, it reduces the need to import steel materials, thus saving huge amounts of money. The USS Adams recycling contract, which requires complete demilitarization of the entire ship, is set for completion in 2021 and will see 98 percent of all materials removed being recycled, International Shipbreaking says. However, there are still are a few companies in the business in the United States. The one to the east appears to be what's left of a Leahy-class guided missile cruiser. These facilities have recycled more than 400 ships and marine structures, including the USS Tripoli, USS Constellation and USS Ranger. The Brownsville site is the first U.S. shipbreaking site to achieve this accreditation. Over half of the marine vessels in the world are scrapped in India (at the Mumbai and Alang yards). Ostos Rd. These mothball fleets are composed primarily of US Maritime Administration (MARAD) reserve ships, initially kept in case they needed to be activated again for war. Any questions? Ship scrap prices in the USA were USD 80-90 per ton. About 95% of the mass of a ship can be reused. Vessels scrap (HMS 1-2-3), bulk and container (fob and c&f basis). On a recent Friday morning, workers in the Esco Marine ship-breaking yard in Brownsville, Texas, were dismantling a 1944 U.S. Navy repair ship. Thousands of the world's biggest ships have been driven onto the remote beaches of Alang, Chittagong, Gadani, Aliaga - to be seen no more. As of 2018, 90.4% of the worlds end-of-life vessels were broken up on the beaches of South East Asia in rudimentary conditions, according to the NGO Shipbreaking Platform. This is one of many U.S. Navy contracts we have been awarded and extensive preparations have been made to ensure we are able to safely tow, dismantle and recycle the USS Charles F. Adams, Green says. The USS Sturgis left this morning on its final journey to the Port Of Brownsville, where it will be dismantled at the international ship breaking limited facility. An award-winning team of journalists, designers, and videographers who tell brand stories through Fast Company's distinctive lens, The future of innovation and technology in government for the greater good, Fast Company's annual ranking of businesses that are making an outsize impact, Leaders who are shaping the future of business in creative ways, New workplaces, new food sources, new medicine--even an entirely new economic system. Ships for scrap are not properly cleaned before beaching. The ships scrapping means providing raw materials to steel mills, steel plate remanufacturing, second-hand furniture, electrical and electronic equipment, oil and lubricants. A 15 mile-long channel, made from scratch from 1934-1936, connects the Port of Brownsville to the ocean, at South Padre Island. In 2013, container ship (boxship) recycling reached a total capacity of 450000 TEUs (container capacity unit) well exceeding 2009's record of 381000 TEUs. He has covered legislation, acquisition and operations for the Sea Services since 2009 and spent time underway with the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and the Canadian Navy. It is made professionally and is well worth watching. On a recent Friday morning, workers in the Esco Marine ship-breaking yard in Brownsville, Texas, were dismantling a 1944 U.S. Navy repair ship. The vast majority of ships are at the third remaining Reserve Fleet site, in the muddy Suisun Bay, east of San Francisco. Though rules relating to the handling and disposal of the toxic materials that are built into old ships, including residual hydrocarbons, lead paint, asbestos, and PCBs, make the business run differently here then in the wild East ("ship breaking is a term that is slowly being replaced by ship recycling).

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