marion projectile point

Prehistoric Native American projectile points from York County, Pennsylvania. As well as stone, projectile points were also made of worked wood, bone, antler, horn, or ivory; all of these are less common in the Americas. The earliest of these subtypes has been identified as the Putman subtype which has a contracting stem with a convex base. "Cumberland points cluster around especially high quality stone sources Florida Archaeology & Bioarchaeology Home, History of the Ripley Bullen Projectile Point Typology [PDF], Explore the Collection by Type or Subtype. Explore definitions of projectile point features below. Shoulders - 21 to 28 mm (average 23 to 25 mm), Basal Width - 12 to point type. The shoulders are barbed and may extend to the base of the point. is a professional anthropologist who is a professor and who has served as the Acting Director of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Kentucky. EST. Most points have multiple examples pictured, other sites may have more pictures currently, but with your help our database in . PALEO-INDIAN The blade may vary from excurvate to straight and is commonly serrated. The St. Marion type has no professional references. Dolan is a respected Anthropologist and professor at Florida Universities who excavated many important sites in Florida including the Johnson Lake Site. PAGE 1 OF 2 PAGES Past month; Beautiful piece ! Cultural & Ethnic Collectibles Price Guides & Publications, Madison projectile point (Coosa River, Alabama arrowhead), Morrow Mountain projectile point (Fredericksburg, Virginia arrowhead), Ensor Corner Notch projectile point (Zapata Co, Texas arrowhead), Hardin projectile point (Brown Co, Illinois arrowhead), Kinney projectile point (Comanche Co, Texas arrowhead), Hoxie projectile point (McClennan Co, Texas arrowhead), Sykes Stemmed projectile point (Oxford, Mississippi arrowhead), Brewerton Side Notch projectile point (northwest Pennsylvania arrowhead), Gold Hill Ovoid projectile point (Rogue River, Oregon arrowhead), Scallorn Corner Notch projectile point (Arkansas arrowhead), San Jose projectile point (South Dakota arrowhead), Yadkin projectile point (Randolph Co, North Carolina arrowhead), Caracara Side Notch projectile point (Genoa, Colorado arrowhead), Buck Creek projectile point (Kentucky arrowhead), Hardaway projectile point (Kentucky arrowhead), McKean projectile point (Arapahoe Co, Colorado arrowhead), Morrow Mountain projectile point (Maryland arrowhead), Fresno Triangle projectile point (Tulsa Co, Oklahoma arrowhead), LeCroy projectile point (Barren Co, Kentucky arrowhead), Epps Expanding Stem projectile point (Perry Co, Alabama arrowhead), Jacks Reef Corner Notch projectile point (Tuscarawas Co, Ohio arrowhead), Darl Stemmed projectile point (Bell Co, Texas arrowhead), Besant projectile point (South Dakota arrowhead), Edgewood projectile point (Comanche Co, Texas arrowhead), Swan Lake projectile point (Dunlap, Tennessee arrowhead), Desert General projectile point (New Mexico arrowhead), Camp Creek Triangle projectile point (Morristown, Tennessee arrowhead), Kirk projectile point (Bladen Co, North Carolina arrowhead), Fishspear Notched projectile point (Licking Co, Ohio arrowhead), Dalton projectile point (Cross Co, Arkansas arrowhead), Washita projectile point (Harding Co, South Dakota arrowhead), Rose Springs stemmed projectile point (Williamette Valley, Oregon arrowhead), Caracara Side Notch projectile point (Zapata Co, Texas arrowhead), Motley projectile point (Stoddard Co, Missouri arrowhead), Washita Peno projectile point (Red River Co, Texas arrowhead), Beautiful Native American projectile point extreme craftsmanship, Customs services and international tracking provided, Native American Adena Projectile Point NC 3" Arrowhead North Carolina Artifact, 100% AUTHENTIC - NATIVE AMERICAN ARROWHEAD - TEXAS - VERY SMALL PROJECTILE POINT, HARRELL - NATIVE AMERICAN ARROWHEAD - 100% AUTHENTIC - OKLAHOMA PROJECTILE POINT, YADKIN PROJECTILE POINT WITH CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY, NATIVE AMERICAN ARROWHEAD -- 100% AUTHENTIC -- ANCIENT OKLAHOMA PROJECTILE POINT, 100% AUTHENTIC - NATIVE AMERICAN ARROWHEAD - SMALL - MISSOURI - PROJECTILE POINT, HASKELL - NATIVE AMERICAN ARROWHEAD - 100% AUTHENTIC - OKLAHOMA PROJECTILE POINT, AUTHENTIC - ADENA PROJECTILE POINT - NATIVE AMERICAN ARROWHEAD - ALMOST 3 INCHES, Leave feedback about your eBay search experience - opens in new window or tab. 7/17 inch (1.1 cm) thick. found separately on the point would be smaller and thinner than most Cumberland points from It might be more The Lower Paleolithic, beginning about 300,000 B.C., saw the first human . is a professional anthropologist who is a professor and who has served as the Acting Director of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Kentucky. ---2005, Points," p. 22. 1970, Bell, Robert A brief section on the commonly used terms associated with projectile points is provided (Lithic Terminology). Examples of certain features found in the Bullen Projectile Point Type Collection have links when available. Neolithic ca. These projectile points are broadly grouped by archaeological time periods: Paleoindian ca. INC. ORANGE COUNTY CHAPTER LISTINGS HOME UNITED STATES In addition to all points general distributions shown, most 8,000 - 7000 BCE ( Bolen Beveled, Bolen Plain, Gilchrist, Greenbriar, Hardaway Side Notched, Marianna) long, 1 7/16 inches (3.7 cm) wide and 7/16 inch (1.1 cm) thick. On the average, this named in a professional publication and is professionally a widely recognized type. outline. See each listing for international shipping options and costs. RECENT Typically, these are attached (hafted) to a shaft and used for propulsion or thrusting (e.g., spear, dart, arrow). Indian Arrowheads Relics, The stem is expanding with a straight to convex base. In particular: Our website may set a cookie on your browser that allows you to access the website without needing enter a password more than once during a visit to the website; We use cookies from Google Analytics, a web analytics service provided by Google Inc. (Google). on Sketchfab, Halifax Side-Notched These projectile points are broadly grouped by archaeological time periods: The 30 counties where the original Bullen projectile points came from are primarily in the northern half of the state. COPYRIGHT We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. retired Army, sometime between 1966 and his death in 1989. Stone Age Spear And Arrow Points of the Midcontinental And Eastern Cumberland tethered the style to the quarries." According to some investigators, the best indication is the width of the hafting area, which is thought to correlate to the width of the shaft. It measures 5 5/8 inches (14.3 cm) long, 1 7/16 . William Roosa in 1963 from a site in Midland County, Michigan. This type was originally named the Florida Archaic Stemmed type. KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE 1991, Wilke, Philip J., "The name Cumberland point was suggested by T.M.N. [7][8][9][10], Pre-historic projectile point from Lapa do Santo. e-mail questions and picture and information to: Point Pages; about each section and how references are used, Editors of this site - The people who make it happen, Citing this website and about the authors. Prehistoric projectile points in the southeastern U.S. were predominantly made from stone, bone, or ivory. Every "(Cumberland SEQUATCHIE VALLEY AREA OF Welcome to Projectile Points Arrowhead Identification Guide, the largest most comprehensive on-line identification guide. The blade ranges from straight to excurvate location of the find site is not known but Mr. Thompsons surface CUMBERLAND The star of Morphy's 159-lot Prehistoric American Artifact & Arrowhead debut auction, the point discovered on a mountain in Washington state in the early 1950s is known to collectors far and wide as one of the great treasures of its type. The question of how to distinguish an arrow point from a point used on a larger projectile is non-trivial. The poster shows 48 different types of projectile points dating from approximately 9650 B.C. created a median ridge necessary to carry the lengthy flute to This collection was found about 0.70 miles southwest of this museum along the then dirt roads from 1960 thru 1963 by local resident Robin Corsiglia. 1 collecting area was within the Sequatchie Valley in the east central caribou bone." and commonly finely serrated. subtypes has been identified as the Putman subtype which has a contracting stem with a convex base. Florida. Hardaway projectile point (central Kentucky) (#314356124175) 3***u (2035) - Feedback left by buyer 3***u (2035). If so, please. "No archaeological This page was last updated: 04-Mar 00:40. appears to be a finished spear point that was not broken during The North American Indians, Vol. points have multiple examples pictured, other sites may have more Typological studies of projectile points have become more elaborate through the years. This is a complete Rollingson more than twenty or thirty complete unbroken Cumberland points. This cultural period is marked by the manufacture of ceramic vessels, construction of mounds, cultivation of maize, distribution of exotic raw materials and finished goods, horticultural activity, and the use of bow-and-arrow weapon systems. Cumberland points from the southeastern United States. The body of the projectile point is comprised of two faces or blade surfaces. The earliest points, called Stanly Stemmed, have squared stems similar to those made at the end of the Early Archaic period. This Cumberland-type point was recovered well outside the usual Free shipping for many products! was adapted from Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast, by Gary Fogelman. Quarry Cave #1 site in New York. CUMBERLAND POINT DUTCHESS QUARRY CAVE #1 SITE Populations grew, with archeological evidence suggesting that there was a presence of larger settlements and more diversification among the Indigenous groups. by RLA Archaeology Refund Policy. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Marion, North Carolina, United States. The feature is situated in Peoria loess which is estimated to date PICTURE FOR LARGE TRIPLE IMAGE It is still one of the most highly used stone tool typologies for Florida. NEW YORK STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION COLLECTION. Size Measurements: Total Length - 20 to 45 mm, Stem Length - 4 to 8 mm (1/7 to 1/3 of the total length), has the classic Cumberland wasted and deeply concave base. Stanly Stemmed Upchurch and Stroms chert collections were donated to the Florida Museum in 1983 and another larger collection of chert from around the state was again donated by Sam Upchurch in 1993. Cultural developments included the use of notched and stemmed projectile points, the atlatl, containers of stone and pottery, and ground and polished stone artifacts. The strong presence of Dalton points throughout the Southeast would suggest any demographic problems were ameliorating by then. The current website is the complete digital gallery of what has become the Florida Museums Bullen Projectile Point Type Collection. It's made of a fairly good quality Base the bottom (proximal) portion of a projectile point. This broken basal section represents a little over half of the have several different shapes, depending on when they were made and used. In prehistoric North America, projectile points were designed to be fastened to the ends of spears, darts, and arrow shafts. This article illustrates and describes several examples of Collecting Native American projectile points, or arrowheads as they are commonly called, has been a popular pastime for generations of history enthusiasts. Local Ocala Native American Projectile Points and Pottery. + 370. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. by RLA Archaeology compared to Clovis, Folsom, Barnes and Crowfield. forms." Do Not Sell My Information This is a valid type. To find out more about cookies and similar technologies, including how to see what cookies and similar technologies have been set and how to manage and delete them, visit allaboutcookies.org. Both of these points Prehistoric stone (Lapa do Lago, Brazil). By the end of the Middle Archaic period, some points were attached to the spear shaft by chipping shallow notches on each side of the point near the base. Pre-Owned. This The Dutchess Quarry pictures currently, but with your help our database in increasing every 1987, Justice, Noel D., The Paleolithic Period covers the thousands of years during which hunters and gatherers followed herds of wild animals as they moved through the Nile Valley and the western desert's oases. 1,100 to 300 B.P. Authentic Hardin Projectile Point - Ancient Arrowhead Artifact - Found Near Line Creek, West Point, Mississippi Earn up to 5x points when you use your eBay Mastercard. the flutes are wide and they extend nearly three quarters the length Richard Michael Gramly, The Amateur Archaeologist, Kentucky, "A inches (10 cm) long and 13/32 inch (1.1 cm) thick. Projectile points, along with other artifacts, are interpreted and dated within the continuum of these Indigenous cultural periods, typically defined as the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Woodland. The surface of the projectile point bears the scars of these flakes, which show how the point was made. page, or do you have information that should be added? Thickness - 5 to 13 mm. to 1800 A.D. to the Great Lakes it changes into Barnes points. Over time the shapes of these points changed, changes that have been recorded by archaeologists and grouped into types. Pricing When you interact with RelicRecord.com through our website, or by use of our services, we receive and store certain information, which is collected using cookies and log data as described below: In operating the web site, we use cookies. A cookie is a piece of information that the computer that hosts our website gives to your browser when you access the website. CUMBERLAND POINT The Many Stone or bone projectile points, like the one seen here, attached to spears or darts and enabled humans to exploit fast-moving prey like birds and large, dangerous prey like mammoths. All the points in this . Harvested animals supplied the protein rich diet needed to sustain the nomadic people, while also providing them with animal hides for clothing and shelter construction. Orange County, New York. Paleo-Indian Site In The Ausable River Watershed Of Southwestern Ontario. Projectile point styles changed through time, mostly due to innovations in weapon/technological systems. Chert, obsidian, quartzite, quartz, and many other rocks and minerals were commonly used to make points in North America. Temperatures were frigid and large animals, such as giant beavers, mastodons, and wooly mammoth were abundant. measures 4 1/4 inches (10.8 cm) long, 1 1/8 inches (2.8 cm) wide and Today, however, many consider these flint points or artifacts as gems and even objects of ancient art. Controlling this fracture allows a toolmaker to shape the rock into a projectile point. 1999, Gramly, Richard Typically, these are attached (hafted) to a shaft and used for propulsion or thrusting (e.g., spear, dart, arrow). With respect to such regional differences, the following cultural periods are described within the context of the American Southeast. RelicRecord.com Feature Update December 2022. Marion projectile point (Withlachoochee River, Florida arrowhead) $10.00 + $5.70 shipping. outward, in smaller numbers, into Illinois, Indiana, southern Ohio and In North American archaeological terminology, a projectile point is an object that was hafted to a weapon that was capable of being thrown or projected, such as a javelin, dart, or arrow.They are thus different from weapons presumed to have been kept in the hand, such as knives, spears, axes, hammers, and maces.. Stone tools, including projectile points, can survive for long periods, were . These groups hunted and stored supplies during the warmer spring and summer months, then broke into smaller family groups for fall and winter. Pottery technology improved, allowing containers to be made in a variety of shapes and sizes for cooking, storing, and serving food. not the same. This poster is not only a useful classification guide in the field, but it also looks beautiful hanging in an office or archaeology lab, said Roberts. He has loaned them to the museum for all to see & enjoy. The earliest points, called Stanly Stemmed, have squared stems similar to those made at the end of the Early Archaic period. The stem is expanding with a straight to convex base. Paleoenvironmental Investigations In The Dutchess Quarry Caves, Orange PICTURE FOR LARGER TRIPLE IMAGE CLICK ON CUMBERLAND POINTS Rockwall The remaining three points appear to have the same age and have been identified as variants of the same type HARDIN COUNTY, KENTUCKY View cart for details. 10,000 - 9000 BCE ( Clovis, Simpson, Suwannee, Union Side Notched Early Dalton ca. Cumberland Point Site Near Trinity, Lewis County, Northern Kentucky," p. variety of tools. Central States Archaeological Journal, "Cumberland Fluted Spearhead, The edges are expertly pressure flaked. . Points were most commonly attached to spears, atl-atl's, or arrows for hunting mammoth, buffalo, or . Arrow points normally measure about 2-3 cm in length . This is a broad medium to feature containing Cumberland points has ever been absolutely dated." Quick View. president of the Texas Archaeological Society and assisted in many excavations in Texas. Ted Roberts, Senior Cultural Resources Project Manager in SWCAs Flagstaff office, recently worked with SWCAs graphic designers and cultural resource experts to create this quick reference typology poster detailing projectile points in Arizona. While the dates for any particular projectile point last a long time, the durability of stone means that for many older sites these may be the only dateable artifacts available. ABSTRACT CUMBERLAND POINTS . Please refer to this section for information on how to receive notification when you are receiving a new cookie and how to turn cookies off. Long-distance trade was established, and subsistence economies were created through the exploitation of nuts, seeds, and shellfish. These pictures illustrate three more examples of Cumberland points. page, or do you have information that should be added? Cumberland site in Logan County, Kentucky. Description of Physical Characteristics and Flaking Pattern: References: (See Reference Page, Entry Number): Rockwall Projectile Point, Rockwall Arrowhead, : J. Cumberland points are the most enigmatic of the fluted point types found Turner and Hester (1985) argue that this type falls into the Steiner type. geographic range for classic Cumberland points. Stemmed points may be identified as notched or unnotched. CUMBERLAND On most web browsers, you will find a help section on the toolbar. Combining this information together, archaeologists have constructed a timeline, or chronology, for North Carolina projectile point styles. Description of Physical Characteristics and Flaking Pattern: References: (See Reference Page, Entry Number): Marion Projectile Point, Marion Arrowhead, Johnson Lake Site, Marion County, Florida. Genevieve chert and measures 4 3/8 The stem is expanding with a straight to convex base. - Fossils & Artifacts for Sale | Paleo Enterprises SKU: 333 Categories: Native American Arrowheads and Artifacts, Middle Archaic Period 7,500 - 4,000 yrs. PRIVATE COLLECTION. Montana," p. Hollow-Base Projectile Point. The recurved edges are expertly pressure flaked into a very neat We currently have over 2,600 unique points listed, and many more points Arrow points are smaller and lighter than dart points, and were used to tip arrows. Authentic Adena Stemmed Projectile Point - Adena Blade - Ancient Native American Blade/Knife Artifact - Discovered in Becker, Mississippi $110.00 Sold Out. Your email address will not be published. point has a random flaking pattern. by RLA Archaeology point has a random flaking pattern. Archaeological evidence supports this distribution, as South Florida sites contain limited stone tools, with shell tools predominating (e.g., Austin 1995, 1996, 1997, 2011; Austin and Estabrook 2000; Simpson 1941; Upchurch 1980; Upchurch, Strom and Nuckels 1981). manufacturing debris. Marion type arrowhead, COLORFUL RED CORAL! Native American artifacts, Florida arrowheads, Native American artifacts for sale Fl. The oldest projectile points found in North America were long thought to date from about 13,000 years ago, during the Paleo-Indian period, however recent evidence suggests that North American projectile points may date to as old as 15,500 years. Required fields are marked *, About RelicRecord Opens in a new window or tab. Arrow points are smaller, newer, and were attached to an arrow shaft for use with a bow. (average 13 to 15 mm), Lewis because of the frequency of occurrence in the Cumberland River In general, this corresponds to the natural lithic resources (e.g., chert) in the state. The first report is This point was Over the course of several millennia, temperatures warmed and the environment dried, shepherding in new species of trees and foliage. The information collected by Google (including your internet protocol (IP) address) will be transmitted to and stored by Google on servers in the United States. (Item#artifact 502, Price $20.00) 1 1/4 x 1/2 inch Nodena Banks projectile point from Ralls Co., Missouri. Tennessee. This Cumberland point is made of Fort Payne chert and Omo Kibish Point. This Cumberland-type fluted point was the first of six fluted points This point is primarily found in Florida and into Southwestern Georgia and Southeastern Alabama. (6.2 cm) long. produced a date of 10,580 B.C. The center Cumberland point was found in Stratton site is the first encapsulated Cumberland site that is still in the process of excavation. large (2 to 4 inches) triangular contracting stemmed point with a flattened to elliptical cross section. In fact, the most recent Smithsonian publication The term arrowhead is a misleading descriptor, as not all projectile points were part of a bow-and-arrow weapon system. It measures 5 5/8 inches (14.3 cm) Arrow points of this type have a distinctly smaller bore than dart points, measuring about 3/8 inch in diameter. The Amateur Archaeologist, Kentucky, "A Cumberland Point Site PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. and has a high quality of workmanship. We currently have over 2,600 unique points listed, and many more points soon to be listed. United States, " Cumberland Cluster," p. This Alabama. to have been found sometime before 1947 in Hardin County, Kentucky. [3], Projectile points fall into two general types: dart or javelin points and arrow points. shoulders are barbed and may extend to the base of the point. This point is primarily found in eastern Texas and into southwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma and western Louisiana. in New York, a single Cumberland point was recovered along with a for photography. This type was originally named the Florida Archaic Stemmed type. This is an excellent example of a Cumberland point that is reported Please see the links below for guidance on how to modify your web browsers settings on the most popular browsers: While we recommend that you leave cookies turned on, because they allow you to take advantage of some of the websites features, on most web browsers you may refuse the use of cookies by selecting the appropriate settings. PRIVATE COLLECTION. Most 7,000-5,000 B.C. CLICK ON PICTURE FOR LARGER TRIPLE IMAGE Central States Archaeological Journal. The meaning of PROJECTILE POINT is a point that constitutes a projectile or projectile head (as a dart or arrowhead). Cumberland points have been described as being diagnostic of the Parkhill complex in the Great Lakes area. represent exceptionally fine examples of this rare projectile Site Near Trinity, Lewis County, Northern Kentucky," p. 83. It is difficult to know how many prehistoric projectile points spear points, dart points, and arrow points have been found in Illinois fields, but it's probably more than a million. Edge the portion of a projectile point formed by the joining of two surfaces. points have detailed distribution descriptions, so you know where points This page is meant to provide typical jargon used in identifying, defining, and describing projectile points. They were Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognizing you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Blade Width - 30 to 55 mm (average 35 to 45 mm), Stem Width at [4] An alternative approach is to distinguish arrow points by their necessarily smaller size (weight, length, thickness).[5]. 1, "Cumberland," p. 94. Basal Edge the worked base of a projectile point. CUMBERLAND POINT Bullen anticipated that it would be further refined and built upon through the years. This point has a random flaking pattern Stem (also called Tang) the basal portion of a projectile point below the blade, generally used for hafting. An estimated length when it was complete is RELATED ARTICLE: Authenticating Indian Arrowheads. B.P. is considered a valid type that is listed in many professional publications on the artifacts of the Spiro Mounds. that represents Origins and Population, does not mention in the index a longest fluted point type from the Paleo-Indian period. completion." Spearheads versus Arrowheads projectile points vary in size and overall morphology (shape). While points were made from antler, bone, and copper, mostat least most that have been preservedwere made from stone. 25. Change Log, Privacy Policy length on one side and about half the length on the other. Delivery: . The lower point has a restored tip and it was found This would include the counties of Marion, from Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and other states in the southeast. CLICK ON The size and shape of projectiles vary widely depending on the era they were created, the intended use, and the objects material. 2 3/4 x 1 inch Adena Narrow Stemmed projectile point from Marion Co., Missouri. Hafting area the portion of a projectile point at or near the base where it is attached, typically by wrapping or lashing to a shaft. Larger points were used to tip atlatl javelins or darts and spears. A free, printable version of the poster can be downloaded here. Copyright 20172023 SWCA Environmental Consultants, Cultural Resource Management and Planning, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), Strategic Environmental Spill Response Management, Stakeholder Engagement and Strategic Communications, Public Involvement and Stakeholder Engagement, Publications, White Papers & Presentations. professionals argue that the Rockwall type is a false type and a type that is made up of many other types. Spear points that date to the Middle Archaic period (6000 - 3000 B.C.) on Sketchfab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Bone points made from alligator toe bones will have an orifice at the tip end where the claw protruded from the bone. For instance, Gregory Perino began his categorical study of projectile point typology in the late 1950s. Size Measurements: Total Length - This point type was first named in an unpublished guide to central Mississippi Valley projectile point types based on examples found at the Cahokia site and in St. Clair and Madison counties, Illinois. The Phil Stratton site has produced optically stimulated Metal was also used in the historic period in North America. These spear points are called Halifax Side-Notched and are thick and narrow, but much shorter than points of the preceding Guilford type. [6] Another recent set of typological studies of North American projectile points has been produced by Noel Justice. Currently, the type collection is comprised of 620 specimens. southern Boone County, Kentucky. This type was originally named the Florida Archaic Stemmed type. ORANGE COUNTY, NEW YORK formation of dolomitic limestone of the Ordovician period. Rollingson To date, no one has reported an excavation of a drainage." PALEO-INDIAN. TENNESSEE Features Cumberland point was made of Kalkberg chert and measured 2 7/16 inches ---1999, Paleo-Indians lived in social groups of 20 to 60 people, were relatively non-hierarchical, and politically egalitarian. 83. A large variety of prehistoric arrowheads, dart points, javelin points, and spear points have been discovered.

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